Ein wenig verwundert es, dass ausgerechnet in einer Zeit des Auftretens von globalen sozialen und ökologischen Krisen der Ruf nach mehr selbstbestimmten Lebens laut wird, das sich rechtlich über die Notwendigkeit eines sozialen und ökologischen Fortschritts stellt. Das Dilemma ist deutlich, da ein Staat immer mehr auf die Autopoiesis des Einzelnen angewiesen ist, da viele Vorgaben nicht mehr zu den Anforderungen des Wandels passen. Liberalismus ist nur denkbar, wenn Soziales und Ökologisches gesetzlich verankert werden und es hier nicht der Einzelne ist, der darüber entscheidet, ob er sozial oder ökologisch leben will. Der Liberalismus geht auf die Vertragstheorien von Thomas Hobbes, John Locke und Charles Montesquieu zurück sowie auf Impulse von Adam Smith und Immanuel Kant, der die Mündigkeit des Staatsbürgers in den Vordergrund stellte. Mündigkeit ist an optimale Bildung gebunden, die allerdings nicht dem Wettbewerb (Angst) unterliegen sollte. Thomas Hobbes kann nicht als Liberaler bezeichnet werden, da er den Naturzustand des Menschen als kriegerisch betrachtete und die Freiheit ihm doch eher suspekt war. John Locke widerspricht dem nicht wirklich, wenn er den Menschen im Naturzustand als frei und gleich ansah, was eine neutrale Auffassung ist. Tatsache ist, dass Hobbes den Absolutismus präferierte. Es ging aber eigentlich um die Rechtssicherheit durch vertragliche Übereinkunft (Staat) und um die Bedrohung des Friedens und der Freiheit bei ihrer Abwesenheit.
Dass Anarchie unser Leben auch trotz hoher Bildung nicht ordnen kann, zeigt die Geschichte zur Genüge. Es geht also nur um die Frage, wie viel Freiheit braucht der Mensch für das hohe Gut eines selbstbestimmten Lebens. Angesichts sozialer und ökologischer Probleme kann es nicht in erster Linie um die Selbstverantwortung gehen, sondern um den Zusammenhalt und die Garantie des Erhaltes der Lebensgrundlagen. Der Staat sichert die Freiheit des Menschen nur durch vertragliche Bindung, ist also nicht befugt, die Freiheit einzuschränken, wo sie nicht Natur und andere Menschen schädigt. Dass der höchste Eigennutz zugleich die Allgemeinheit befördert, wie es noch Adam Smith für möglich gehalten hat, ist problematisch geworden. Aber wir müssen differenzieren, denn die Freiheit des Einzelnen ist zugleich die Ressource für kreative Lösungen, die die Parameter des Sozialen und Ökologischen berücksichtigen. Der Liberalismus muss also Rücksicht nehmen und Verantwortung für andere und die Natur übernehmen, d.h. er benötigt ein hohes ethisches Bewusstsein. Die Mehrheit heute würde sich aber wahrscheinlich für den eigenen Nutzen entscheiden, der nun einmal im Widerstreit zu sozialen und ökologischen Herausforderungen steht.
Lisa Herzog hat nun ein Plädoyer für den Liberalismus geschrieben, in dem sie auf die Ungerechtigkeit aufmerksam macht, dass Reichen Freiheiten zugestanden werden, die den weniger Betuchten abgesprochen werden. Ihr Buch Freiheit gehört nicht nur den Reichen ist nicht völlig anachronistisch angesichts der derzeitigen Probleme, wie man meinen könnte. Zum Liberalismus gehört der freie Markt und seine vermeintlichen Selbstregulierungskräfte. Was der freie Mensch nicht kauft, das wird auch nicht produziert. Hierfür muss der Einzelne aber bestens darüber informiert sein, was seine Kaufkraft besser nicht unterstützt. Die Kritik am Liberalismus beruht auf der Schwierigkeit, diese neutrale Informiertheit herzustellen, die eigentlich schon in der Schule stattfinden müsste. Und was ich alles nicht tun und kaufen sollte, ist wieder eine Einschränkung der Freiheit. Der Einzelne müsste über sein Schädigungspotential umfangreich aufgeklärt werden. Der verständige und kluge Bürger wird vorausgesetzt. Dafür ist die Zeit aber noch nicht reif., denn es ist nicht die Nachkriegsgeneration und ihre direkten Nachkommen, die den Verzicht auf etwas einsehen. Die Angst vor dem Verlust an Lebensqualität sitzt tief und wer viel arbeitet, will sich auch etwas gönnen: Fleisch und Fisch, Urlaube, Reisen, schnelle Autos, Verfügbarkeit aller Ressourcen und Produkte, luxuriösen Wohnraum etc. Und was heißt das alles, wenn die lebensnotwendigen Ressourcen knapp werden. Beginnt dann wieder der Krieg aller gegen alle, von denen nur die Superreichen verschont bleiben. Knappheit (Wasser, Strom, Wohnraum, Lebensmittel, reine Luft und vieles andere) beinhaltet Verteuerung.
Wer es sich leisten kann, zieht sich in die halbwegs intakten Oasen des Daseins zurück. Der freie Markt zockt die dann die Anderen doch Unfreien und Belasteten ab. Irgendwie geht die Überlegung nicht auf. Lisa Herzog hat für Ihr Buch einen Preis von 100.000 Euro erhalten, weil die Idee des entfalteten Menschen im Sinne einer Individualisierung (Persönlichkeits- und Potentialentfaltung) eine für die Gesundheit des Menschen und des allgemeinen Fortschritts (Kreativität und Produktivität) relevanter Parameter ist, der aber nur als kompatibel mit den Bedürfnissen von anderen Menschen und Natur gelingen kann. Auf die Lebensgestaltung sollte ein Staat nur insofern Einfluss erhalten, indem er unermüdlich aufklärt. Und die Berücksichtigung, dass auch Bedürftige gut leben wollen, wird nicht umgesetzt. Der Liberalismus wird dem auch weiter entgegenwirken, anstatt hier bedingungslos zu fördern. Das gute Leben muss also neu definiert werden und ist nicht nur der Wohlstand aller, sondern eben auch der Wohlstand der Natur, des Organischen, das dynamisch und in informeller Homöostase existiert als vernetzte Natur in Vernetzung mit dem Menschen. Die Fülle des Daseins (wahrhaftiger Reichtum) beruht auch auf der Unversehrtheit von Mensch, Tier und Natur. Trotz der Zweifel an menschlicher Vernunft muss auf den Wert der Selbstbestimmung aufmerksam gemacht werden, die aber nicht als Isoprojekt machbar ist, sondern als Zusammenhang mit allem Lebenden und Organischen gedacht werden muss., damit sie sich nicht in ihr Gegenteil verkehrt.
Lisa Herzog: Freiheit gehört nicht nur den Reichen. Plädoyer für einen zeitgemäßen Liberalismus. Bonn 2014
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